The collection consists of 17,376 objects (the core fund), which came from archaeological excavations, random finds, acquisitions, donations, and transfers and date back to the Palaeolithic, Neolithic, Bronze, and Iron Ages, Roman Era, pre-feudal period, and the Middle Ages. Among the specimens of the collection there are:

• Carved an polished tools of flint and stone, as well as tools of bone, copper, bronze, and iron
• Zoomorphic and anthropomorphic figurines
• Painted ceramics of the Cucuteni type Weapons (axes, spear- and arrow-heads, sabres, etc
• Vessels and household utensils
• Adornments (combs, pendants, buckles, necklaces, rings, etc.)
• Elements of harness.

The number of archaeological objects has increased significantly in 2007 following the transfer of the collections of the former Museum of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova that was incorporated into the National Museum of History of Moldova.