One of the great technical achievements that revolutionized the idea of time and space, opening a new era in the history of communication, is telegraphy. It is based on the transmission of electrical signals through a cable over long distances, allowing people to communicate instantly. The telegraph spread very quickly and a network of wires stretched around the world.
In 1837, the American painter and physicist Samuel Morse invented the first electromagnetic device for telegraphy, patented in 1840. To send messages by wire, Morse developed in 1838 a simple code of dots and dashes, which represented the letters of the alphabet, known as "Morse code ".
Both Morse code and the telegraph machine were improved over time, with the telegraph becoming the most widespread system of communication and information transmission for more than a century, until the advent of the Internet. The telegraph system consisted of a series of stations repeaters along the transmission line route. Each station had an operator who received and transmitted messages by telegraph. The Morse machine transmitted about 25 words per minute, which were recorded in code on a paper tape. The operator in charge of transmitting the message would decode it and write it on paper using a special typewriter.
In Bessarabia, the telegraph entered in 1860: on April 8, the Bender telegraph station began its activity, and on April 24, the one in Chisinau, following the construction of the first Odesa-Chisinau-Leova telegraph line. Currently, telegraph services have been discontinued. The only ones who still use coded communication are radio amateurs.
The Morse telegraph machine shown comes from the Osinoostrovsky electrotechnical plant, Soviet Union, and dates back to 1934. The exhibit was restored by Mihail Culașco.
Abstract: The sons of Voivode Szasz moved to Hungary after Bohdan had possessed a position of Moldavian Voivode in 1359 and started an open conflict with Hungarian Crown. As a kind of reimbursement, they have possessed high positions here and became the owners of extensive property.
Within a short period of time they have taken possession of Kővár, Beltek, Erdőd domains as well as property in Máramaros. They became one of the most influential nobles of Hungary. They had received pro honore Nyalab domain with the center in the castle of Korolevo from the king Louis in 70s of the 14th century and governed it as the Counts of Ugocsa County. After Balk's death the castle had to be returned to the king. However, descendants of Moldavian nobles had refused to leave fortifications and started property disputes among themselves.
Perényi Péter, new Count of Ugocsa County, has started to govern the castle in 1402. He had taken advantage of the absence of ownership confirmation document and legally formalized his hereditary ownership in 1405. Dragffy family had continued a lawsuit for about hundred years, and even resorted to openly criminal activity in 70s of the 15th century when they forged the royal charter sealed by king.
A little bit more than 20 years long presence of the descendants of Moldavian Voivode Szasz at Korolevo castle of Nyalab is minimally displayed by archeological materials of the monument. As for today, given chronological range contains only one object at the castle - pit 1 horizon III excavation ІІ (room 1, study of 2013). Small ceramic fragments, remains of three vessels, and unfinished product made of bone have been found in it.
List of illustrations: Fig. 1. Koroleve. Central part of Nyalab castle. Fig. 2. Forged in 1470s Granting charter of 1378 of the king Louis to Drag and Janos Olah on Nyalab domain ownership (State Archive of Hungary / Magyar Országos Levéltár, Budapest, DL26566). Fig. 3. Korolevo castle of Nyalab. Test pit 3 (view from west). Fig. 4. The first page and a colophon of Korolevo Tetra-Gospel, 1401 (Zakarpattya Museum of Local History). Fig. 5. Korolevo castle of Nyalab. Plan of excavation ІІ and section of test pit1. Fig. 6. Korolevo castle of Nyalab. Pit 1, excavation ІІ (view from west). Fig. 7. Korolevo castle of Nyalab. Pit 1, excavation ІІ (view from east). Fig. 8. Korolevo castle of Nyalab. Pit 1, excavation ІІ. Jug. Fig. 9. Korolevo castle of Nyalab. Pit 1, excavation ІІ. Ceramics (1-2) and bone-made product (3). Fig. 10. Korolevo castle of Nyalab. Pit 1, excavation ІІ. Ceramics.
Игорь Прохненко, Мария Жиленко, Виталий Калиниченко
The castles of Transcarpathia of the second half of 13th - first half of 14th centuries
Tyragetia, serie nouă, vol. XV [XXX], nr. 2, Istorie. Muzeologie
Игорь Прохненко, Мария Жиленко
Knight’s tombstone from Korolevo castle of Nyaláb
Tyragetia, serie nouă, vol. XII [XXVII], nr. 1, Arheologie. Istorie Antică
Игорь Прохненко
To the Question about the Loss of the Hill-fort Ekimauci
Tyragetia, serie nouă, vol. V [XX], nr. 1, Arheologie. Istorie Antică
Игорь Прохненко
Hillforts of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age in the Transcarpathian Region of Ukraine
Tyragetia, serie nouă, vol. XI [XXVI], nr. 1, Arheologie. Istorie Antică
One of the great technical achievements that revolutionized the idea of time and space, opening a new era in the history of communication, is telegraphy. It is based on the transmission of electrical signals through a cable over long distances, allowing people to communicate instantly...
The National Museum of History of Moldova takes place among the most significant museum institutions of the Republic of Moldova, in terms of both its collection and scientific reputation.
The National Museum of History of Moldova takes place among the most significant museum institutions of the Republic of Moldova, in terms of both its collection and scientific reputation.
The National Museum of History of Moldova takes place among the most significant museum institutions of the Republic of Moldova, in terms of both its collection and scientific reputation.
31 August 1989 St., 121 A, MD 2012, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
