One of the great technical achievements that revolutionized the idea of time and space, opening a new era in the history of communication, is telegraphy. It is based on the transmission of electrical signals through a cable over long distances, allowing people to communicate instantly. The telegraph spread very quickly and a network of wires stretched around the world.
In 1837, the American painter and physicist Samuel Morse invented the first electromagnetic device for telegraphy, patented in 1840. To send messages by wire, Morse developed in 1838 a simple code of dots and dashes, which represented the letters of the alphabet, known as "Morse code ".
Both Morse code and the telegraph machine were improved over time, with the telegraph becoming the most widespread system of communication and information transmission for more than a century, until the advent of the Internet. The telegraph system consisted of a series of stations repeaters along the transmission line route. Each station had an operator who received and transmitted messages by telegraph. The Morse machine transmitted about 25 words per minute, which were recorded in code on a paper tape. The operator in charge of transmitting the message would decode it and write it on paper using a special typewriter.
In Bessarabia, the telegraph entered in 1860: on April 8, the Bender telegraph station began its activity, and on April 24, the one in Chisinau, following the construction of the first Odesa-Chisinau-Leova telegraph line. Currently, telegraph services have been discontinued. The only ones who still use coded communication are radio amateurs.
The Morse telegraph machine shown comes from the Osinoostrovsky electrotechnical plant, Soviet Union, and dates back to 1934. The exhibit was restored by Mihail Culașco.
The registers of prophets and apostles from the spire tholobate of the St. George Church of Suceava. Liturgical and historical implications
Tyragetia, serie nouă, vol. IX [XXIV], nr. 2, Istorie. Muzeologie Chișinău, 2015
Abstract
The frescoes of the St. George Metropolitan Church of Suceava, painted inside and outside in 1534, until now have been studied only partly. In the hereby study we aim an iconographic consideration of the paintings within the vaulting system of the nave. Special attention is paid to the registers of prophets and apostles inside the tholobate, which display several important peculiarities. In the superior register are represented 12 Minor Prophets and 3 Major Prophets, to which prophets Elijah and David are added. Surprisingly, the fourth Major Prophet, Jeremiah, is missing, instead of him, even more surprisingly, being represented Naboth the Israelite - the single image of this character within the register of prophets during the Byzantine and Post-Byzantine epoch. In the case of this unexpected insertion, we have attempted to draw several interpretation tracks, connected with the historical re-alities of the epoch. The inferior register also contains an uncommon mixture, including eight figures of apostles and prophets each, as well as a little habitual practice of endowing the apostles with texts written on rotuli. The study draws a repertory of the inscriptions from the rotuli of prophets and apostles, which are analyzed from the perspective of the practices in this field from the Byzantine and Post-Byzantine art, as well as in the context of their liturgical implications. At the same time, the author presented the inscriptions on the rotuli of prophets from the Dodecaorton (The Great Feasts) from the soffit of the oblique arches, trying also to establish a relationship between the prophetical registers of the St. George Church of Suceava and the evolutions of these registers in the Moldavian art from the 15th -16th centuries.
List of illustrations: Fig. 1. The St. George Church of Suceava, the paintings of the nave spire. Fig. 2. The St. George Church of Suceava, Christ Pantocrator on the dome of the nave. Fig. 3. The St. George Church of Suceava, the tholobate of the nave spire, the angelic registers. Fig. 4. The St. George Church of Suceava, the tholobate of the nave spire, the registers of the prophets and apostles and of the Heavenly Liturgy. Fig. 5. The St. George Church of Suceava, the tholobate of the nave spire, the prophets' register: David, Micah, Isaiah, Habakkuk. Fig. 6. The St. George Church of Suceava, the tholobate of the nave spire, the prophets' register: Habakkuk, Nahum, Zephaniah (?), Amos. Fig. 7. The St. George Church of Suceava, the tholobate of the nave spire, the prophets' register: Elijah, Haggai, Abdias. Fig. 8. The St. George Church of Suceava, the tholobate of the nave spire, the prophets' register: Abdias, Jonah, Ezekiel, Joel. Fig. 9. The St. George Church of Suceava, the tholobate of the nave spire, the prophets' register: Ezekiel, Joel, Malachi. Fig. 10. The St. George Church of Suceava, the tholobate of the nave spire, the prophets' register: Zechariah, Na- both, Daniel, Hosea. Fig. 11. The St. George Church of Suceava, the tholobate of the nave spire, registers of the prophets and apostles: Sts. Peter, John the Baptist and Paul. Fig. 12. The St. George Church of Suceava, the tholobate of the nave spire, registers of the prophets and apostles: Sts. Philip, Bartholomew and Andrew. Fig. 13. The St. George Church of Suceava, the tholobate of the nave spire, registers of the prophets and apostles: Sts. Paul, Simon, James and Thomas. Fig. 14. The St. George Church of Suceava, the tholobate of the nave spire, registers of the prophets and apostles: Samuel, Elisha, Moses, Salomon. Fig. 15. The St. George Church of Suceava, the tholobate of the nave spire, registers of the prophets and apostles: Aaron, unidentified prophet, Gideon. Fig. 16. The St. George Church of Suceava, the tympanum and the intrados of the northeast arch: The Annunciation and the prophets David and Salomon. Fig. 17. The St. George Church of Suceava, the tympanum and the intrados of the southeast arch: The Nativity of Jesus and the prophets Isaiah and Micah. Fig. 18. The St. George Church of Suceava, the tympanum and the intrados of the southwest arch: The Presentation of Jesus at the Temple and the prophets Moses and Isaiah. Fig. 19. The St. George Church of Suceava, the tympanum and the intrados of the northwest arch: The Baptism of Jesus and the prophets St. John the Baptist and Nahum. Fig. 20. The St. Nicholas Church of Popăuti-Botoșani, the prophets' registers on the arch of the central apse. Fig. 21. The St. George Church of Voronet the prophets' registers on the arch of the central apse. Fig. 22. The St. Nicholas Church of Bălinești, the prophets' register in the central apse.
One of the great technical achievements that revolutionized the idea of time and space, opening a new era in the history of communication, is telegraphy. It is based on the transmission of electrical signals through a cable over long distances, allowing people to communicate instantly...
The National Museum of History of Moldova takes place among the most significant museum institutions of the Republic of Moldova, in terms of both its collection and scientific reputation.
The National Museum of History of Moldova takes place among the most significant museum institutions of the Republic of Moldova, in terms of both its collection and scientific reputation.
The National Museum of History of Moldova takes place among the most significant museum institutions of the Republic of Moldova, in terms of both its collection and scientific reputation.
31 August 1989 St., 121 A, MD 2012, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
