One of the great technical achievements that revolutionized the idea of time and space, opening a new era in the history of communication, is telegraphy. It is based on the transmission of electrical signals through a cable over long distances, allowing people to communicate instantly. The telegraph spread very quickly and a network of wires stretched around the world.
In 1837, the American painter and physicist Samuel Morse invented the first electromagnetic device for telegraphy, patented in 1840. To send messages by wire, Morse developed in 1838 a simple code of dots and dashes, which represented the letters of the alphabet, known as "Morse code ".
Both Morse code and the telegraph machine were improved over time, with the telegraph becoming the most widespread system of communication and information transmission for more than a century, until the advent of the Internet. The telegraph system consisted of a series of stations repeaters along the transmission line route. Each station had an operator who received and transmitted messages by telegraph. The Morse machine transmitted about 25 words per minute, which were recorded in code on a paper tape. The operator in charge of transmitting the message would decode it and write it on paper using a special typewriter.
In Bessarabia, the telegraph entered in 1860: on April 8, the Bender telegraph station began its activity, and on April 24, the one in Chisinau, following the construction of the first Odesa-Chisinau-Leova telegraph line. Currently, telegraph services have been discontinued. The only ones who still use coded communication are radio amateurs.
The Morse telegraph machine shown comes from the Osinoostrovsky electrotechnical plant, Soviet Union, and dates back to 1934. The exhibit was restored by Mihail Culașco.
Palaeoethnobotanical materials from Znamenskoe hill-fort and Dyakovo culture grain production
Tyragetia, serie nouă, vol. IX [XXIV], nr. 1, Arheologie. Istorie Antică Chișinău, 2015
Abstract
The article provides an overview of the study of palaeoethnobotanical materials of Dyakovo culture. It introduces in the scientific circulation new materials from Znamenskoe hill-fort. A statistical analysis of the data obtained from the settlement was carried out. The authors have conducted a comparative analysis of representative materials from the whole Dyakovo culture. On the basis of the whole complex of data on palaeoethnobotanical materials of the Dyakovo culture there was analyzed grain production and changes in it during the first periods of this culture (from the 7th century BC to the 4th century AD). The results do not pretend to be the final decision; they only specify the general trend for all «forest» cultures, to which N.A. Kiryanova has already drawn attention.
List of illustrations: Fig. 1. Imprints of millet on a weight. Fig. 2. Diagram of correlation of grains from Znamenskoe hill-fort: а - quantity; б - mass. Legend: P. m. - Panicum miliaceum (millet); H. v. - Hordeum vulgare (barley); T. d. - Triticum dicoccon (emmer wheat); T. a. s. l. - Triticum aestivum s. l. (common wheat); 1 – 7th-3rd centuries BC.; 2 - combined data; 3 - fi rst centuries AD. Fig. 3. Map of Dyakovo culture sites with established palaeoethnobotanical spectrum (PBS): 1 - Nastas’ino; 2 - Znamenskoe; 3 - Dyakovo; 4 - Otmichi; 5 - Rostislavl’. Fig. 4. Comparative diagram of the PBS of Dyakovo sites: а - quantity; б - mass. Legend: P. m. - Panicum miliaceum (millet); H. v. - Hordeum vulgare (barley); T. sp. - Triticum sp. (wheat) (numbering of sites see at table 2). Fig. 5. Cluster analysis of PBS data (numbering of sites see at table 2). Fig. 6. Graph of changes of Dyakovo culture grain production in course of time: I - data on the sites; II - theoretical curves of changes in the mass ratio of cereals in course of time. Legend: P. m. - Panicum miliaceum (millet); H. v. - Hordeum vulgare (barley); T. sp. - Triticum sp. (wheat) (numbering of sites see at table 2)
One of the great technical achievements that revolutionized the idea of time and space, opening a new era in the history of communication, is telegraphy. It is based on the transmission of electrical signals through a cable over long distances, allowing people to communicate instantly...
The National Museum of History of Moldova takes place among the most significant museum institutions of the Republic of Moldova, in terms of both its collection and scientific reputation.
The National Museum of History of Moldova takes place among the most significant museum institutions of the Republic of Moldova, in terms of both its collection and scientific reputation.
The National Museum of History of Moldova takes place among the most significant museum institutions of the Republic of Moldova, in terms of both its collection and scientific reputation.