#Exhibit of the Month

The main parts of the camera include the body, bellows, lens, and viewfinder system. The body consists of two lacquered walnut wood frames, joined by a folding black textile bellows that allows the necessary extension for focusing. On the front panel is the Agfa anastigmat lens, mounted in a Compur-type shutter produced by F. Deckel in Munich. It features a foldable "brilliant" viewfinder for both portrait and landscape orientation. It uses glass photographic plates coated with a photographic emulsion, mounted in walnut wood holders, with a frame size of 9x12 cm.
The walnut wood model, considered the flagship "Agfa Isolar Luxus," was designed by the A.H. Rietzschel factory in Munich, acquired by AGFA in 1925, which continued producing this type of camera under its own name until the late 1920s.
The piece was restored by Mihail Culașco, Restoration Department of NMHM.
Brief History of the Camera
The history of the camera spans 200 years, evolving from the camera obscura to today's digital devices. Key milestones include: the first permanent photograph in 1826 by French physicist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, using a wooden box and a plate coated with bitumen of Judea; the invention of the first photographic process - daguerreotype - in 1839 by Frenchman Louis Daguerre, marking the official birth of photography; the invention of calotype, based on the negative/positive principle, by British physicist and chemist Fox Talbot; the invention of wet collodion plates by Englishman Frederick Scott Archer and dry glass plates by Richard Leach Maddox and John Huds Bennet; the introduction of flexible roll film and the launch of the first Kodak camera by American inventor George Eastman; the release of the first 35 mm film camera by German company "Leica"; the launch of the first instant camera "Polaroid," invented by American Edwin Land. Finally, starting in 1975, this path led to the digital photography revolution. Each successive step made cameras smaller and faster, significantly improving image quality.
The first photographic studio in Chișinău was opened in 1854 by Eduard Glewski, and before World War I, there were already about 100 photography studios in Bessarabia.
The collection of the National Museum of History of Moldova includes over 30 cameras, made in Austria, Germany, France, USSR, Japan, and China, dating from the late 19th century to the 2000s. Among them are folding bellows cameras, BOX-type cameras, single-lens reflex (SLR) and twin-lens reflex (TLR) cameras, as well as digital (DSLR) cameras.

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Exhibitions

“The Warsaw Rising (1944) - a dramatic battle against the German occupation”

February 2-28, 2019

Photodocumentary exhibition "The Warsaw Rising (1944) - a dramatic battle against the German occupation" is organized by The Warsaw Rising Museum in collaboration with the Polish Institute in Bucharest and the Embassy of the Republic of Poland in the Republic of Moldova. The exhibition is on display in the upper lobby of the National Museum of History of Moldova and can be visited between 2nd and 28th February, 2019.

Testimonies of the 1944 events in Warsaw are the subject of 20 stands that present to the public documents, photographs and descriptions of the Polish people's efforts to gain freedom.

80 years have passed since the outbreak of the Second World War - the largest armed conflict in the history of mankind, involving almost all European countries along with their colonies, North and South American countries, as well countries in Asia.

The Second World War began on September 1, 1939, with the invasion of Germany over Poland. On September 17, 1939, the Soviet Union also attacked the Polish territories.
Attacked from the West and East, the country was under occupation. The Polish authorities left the country on the night form September 17 to 18 (their members fled originally in Romania) and continued their activity in emigration.

On September 30, 1939, the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile officially had protested against the attacks on its territory, saying it will never recognize these acts of violence and will not stop fighting for the total liberation of the country from invaders.

Unfortunately, due to a very large number of enemies, the last troops of the Polish Army deploy weapons on October 5. After the September defeat, the foundations of a secret organization set up by the military began to be established in Poland.

Although in different occupied European countries existed more or less numerous secret organizations, only the Poles have created an unprecedented underground state with very developed military and civilian structures.

The Polish underground state was not just a conspiratorial organization, but a continuation of the pre-war statehood. Administrative structures covering the entire pre-war area of the country, including, for example, a secret judicial and educational system were created. There was an underground representation of all the political forces in the country, and the soldiers of the secret Home Army were part of the Polish Armed Forces. The Home Army and the huge desire of the Poles to regain their freedom led to numerous liberation actions against both occupiers.

The main theme of the exhibition presented in Chișinău is the Warsaw Rising (1944), whose 75th anniversary is celebrated in 2019.

It was the largest military rising in the German occupied Europe. The Warsaw Rising began on August 1, 1944, at 5 pm (the so-called "W hour"), with the armed intervention of the Home Army troops.

The rising had Germany as military target and the USSR and Polish Communists subordinated to the Soviets as political target.

The command of Home Army was planning to liberate the capital of Poland without any help before the Red Army would advance, hoping that it would be able to strengthen the international position of the Polish government in exile and stop Stalin's sovietization of Poland.

After the outbreak of the rising, the Red Army stopped its offensive in Warsaw, and the Soviet dictator refused constantly to provide insurgents with more consistent help. The support given to the Poles by the United States and the United Kingdom was limited and did not significantly influence the fate of Warsaw and its inhabitants.

Despite the extremely difficult situation, for 63 days, the low-armed insurgent troops led a solitary battle with the overwhelming German forces, which ended with surrender on October 3, 1944.

During the heroic battles in Warsaw, about 18 thousand insurgents have died and 25 thousand were injured. About 2.3 thousand soldiers from the First Polish Army under the command of General Zygmunt Berling, which was established in the USSR and which tried to help the capital during the rising, have died or disappeared.

The casualties among civilians were huge and amounted to about 180,000 deaths. About 500,000 survivors, residents of Warsaw, were cast out of the city which, after the uprising, was almost completely destroyed. Using dynamite and heavy equipment, German troops destroyed the last remains of the standing buildings during more than three months. The tragic consequences of the Warsaw Rising can be seen in the Polish capital even today.