Amphoras are massive vessels originating from the ancient Greek world, executed on the potter's wheel, in which Greek merchants, in the process of their trade with other territories and peoples, transported, in particular, Greek wine, olive oil, salted olives, paints, nuts, etc. The shape of the Greek commercial amphora, in the opinion of some researchers, vaguely recalls the female figure, having, probably, at the beginning, a sacred character. Among the main features of the amphorae are well-thought-out metric proportions. The full amphora, placed in a horizontal position, rested on the body and on the elongated foot in such a way that the upper part of the vessel and the high neck were permanently raised obliquely, so that the liquid would not spill. The sharp shape of the foot required special fixation, either on special supports, or the lower part of the body was buried in the ground or sand. The deep inner cavity of the leg did not allow the liquid in the vessel to become cloudy during the transport process, the sediments remaining stored inside the leg.
Among the dozens of city-states in ancient Greece, which practiced trade with the local populations of the Black Sea region (Euxine Bridge), there is also the city of Mende (Μένδη), located on the Kassandra arm (Κασσάνδρας) of the Halkidiki peninsula (Halkidiki - Χαλκιδική). It is considered that the foundation of the city of Mende took place in the century VIII BC. The main article of trade of this Greek polis was wine, considered of superior quality and even indicated by Hippocrates as a medicine in the treatment of certain diseases. Starting with the century 6th century BC, the city of Mende experienced economic growth, especially in the Circumpontian region, and in the V-IV BC Mendiot wine appears more and more frequently in the local markets of this region.
Even some barbarian tribes, according to the Greek tradition, often used wine amphorae in the funeral process, when they were placed, as an offering, in the graves, together with other objects, which were either brought as an offering to the gods, or were intended to serve the deceased in the afterlife.
Such a funerary complex was discovered by archaeologist Nicolae Chetraru in 1987 - the Scythian tumulus no. 45 from Dubăsari. The deceased was cremated, and three amphorae and a large bronze cauldron were placed in the grave. Among the amphorae (all belonging to Greek wine centers) was one from Mende, along with two others from Chios. Since the wines of Mende and Chios were considered expensive wines, as was the bronze cauldron, their presence in this mound was an indication of a privileged financial and social position of the person cremated here.
The Mende amphora from tomb 1 of mound 45 at Dubăsari is, at the moment, the only complete vessel from this center on the territory of the Republic. Moldova, although fragments of Mendiot amphorae have also been discovered in other archaeological sites in the country.
The vessel is made of a yellowish-brown paste with chewed sand and many particles of mica. The amphora has the following basic dimensions: height - 740 mm, depth - 610 mm, maximum diameter - 390 mm.
L’industrie lithique taillée d’habitat énéolithique de Şoimuș 2 - Lângă sat
Tyragetia, serie nouă, vol. VII [XXII], nr. 1, Arheologie. Istorie Antică
Cet article vise à discuter en détail un composant important, mais rarement pris en compte, de l'économie de toutes les communautés préhistoriques, à savoir l'industrie lithique taillée.
Des outils en pierre taillée étaient l'apanage des populations humaines depuis leur apparition. Les gens ont fait des roches diverses les outils et les armes dont ils avaient besoin pour suivre.
Les communautés préhistoriques n'abandonnent pas la pierre comme matière première pas même en énéolithique, quand se développe la métallurgie du cuivre. Une preuve c'est le matériel lithique découvert en l'habitat énéolithique Tiszapolgár de Şoimuș 2 - Lângă sat. Il comprend un certain nombre d'outils: des éléments composants pour les faucilles (des pièces avec lustre végétal), des pièces avec traces de ternissement, des lames retouchées et non-retouchées, des gratoirs, des racloirs, un couteau, un perçoir, des éclats retouchées et non-retouchées. Ces outilages diverses montrent l'importance octroyée à la taille de pierre.
Deux pointes de flèches rélèvent la chasse et/ou des activités bellicistes.
Les nombreux débris indiquent la taille de pierre dans l'habitat, après avoir préalablement recueillir la matière première: les roches pour débiter. Ils sont de plusieurs types et de plusieurs sources: locales et d'import: silex, jaspe, menilite, quartzite, quartz, argilite, calcaire siliceux, grès siliceuse, obsidienne et chaille.
Liste d'illustrationes:
Fig. 1. 1 - La diffusion de la culture Tiszapolgár et la localisation de l'habitat énéolitique en discution; 2 - Şoimuș 2 - Lângă sat.
Fig. 2. La reconstitution d'une faucille avec les composants pris oblique (après Stordeur 1987, 15, fig. 2/4).
Fig. 3. 1-6 - Outils avec des traces de lustre végétal; 7-11 - détails.
Fig. 4. 1-5 - Les composants de faucille avec des traces de lustre végétal, de Cx 274; 6, 7 - des images in situ; 8-11 - détails.
Fig. 5. Outils avec des traces de lustre végétal de Cx 274.
Fig. 6. 1-5 - Les composants de faucille avec des traces de lustre végétal, de Cx 467; 6-8 - détails.
Fig. 7. Outil avec des traces de lustre végétal de Cx 467.
Fig. 8. Outils avec des traces de lustre végétal de Cx 251. Fig. 9. Outils avec des traces de lustre végétal.
Fig. 10. Outils avec des traces de lustre végétal et de ternissement.
Fig. 11. Outils avec des traces de ternissement.
Fig. 12. Outils retouchés.
Fig. 13. Outils représentés par lames et fragments de lames non-retouchés.
Fig. 14. Outils représentés par éclats non-retouchés.
Amphoras are massive vessels originating from the ancient Greek world, executed on the potter's wheel, in which Greek merchants, in the process of their trade with other territories and peoples, transported, in particular, Greek wine, olive oil, salted olives, paints, nuts, etc. The shape of the Greek commercial amphora, in the opinion of some researchers, vaguely recalls the female figure, having, probably, at the beginning, a sacred character. Among the main features of the amphorae are well-thought-out metric proportions...
The National Museum of History of Moldova takes place among the most significant museum institutions of the Republic of Moldova, in terms of both its collection and scientific reputation.
The National Museum of History of Moldova takes place among the most significant museum institutions of the Republic of Moldova, in terms of both its collection and scientific reputation.
The National Museum of History of Moldova takes place among the most significant museum institutions of the Republic of Moldova, in terms of both its collection and scientific reputation.
31 August 1989 St., 121 A, MD 2012, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
