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Christmas bells entered the Romanian cultural space through a long process in which archaic traditions blended with Christian belief and European influences. Long before the holiday of Christmas developed as we know it, metallic sounds played an important ritual role in old communities: they were used to drive away evil spirits, to purify spaces, and to protect people during transitional moments at the turn of the year. These beliefs have been preserved in winter customs such as caroling, the Plugușor, and masked dances, where bells and jingles were indispensable.
With the spread of Christianity, the sound of the bell also acquired a profound religious meaning, becoming an announcer of major feasts and a symbol of the Nativity. Small bells, however, were not originally used as decorations but primarily as functional or ritual objects.
The first decorated Christmas tree in the Romanian lands was the one at the palace of Prince Carol I of Hohenzollern, following his arrival in the Romanian Principalities in 1866. From that moment the tradition took root, and on Christmas Eve princes and princesses invited to the palace would take part in decorating the tree. Among the ornaments used were small metal bells, symbolizing joy, the good news, and divine protection for the home.
In the twentieth century, Christmas bells spread across all Romanian provinces and became a visual emblem of the holiday, appearing in both decorations and carols. Even during periods when religious expression was curtailed, bells remained in people's homes as signs of joy and the continuity of tradition. Today they retain this dual meaning: the echo of ancient beliefs and, at the same time, the announcement of the Birth of Christ - a symbol of hope, light, and the link between past and present.
These tinkling pieces are part of a generous heritage collection at the National Museum of History of Moldova (NMHM), which includes more than 200 cultural items. A substantial contribution to the museum's collection of decorative bells was made by Dorina Raischi, a teacher at School No. 94 in Chișinău, who donated 174 bells, of which around 30 are winter-themed. Made of ceramic, porcelain, glass, and metal, they were brought from different parts of the world and together offer a succinct picture of the global culture of bells. They add a festive note to the home and even to a gift, and it is hard to imagine Christmas without their cheerful tinkling.

Virtual Tour


Publications Journal „Tyragetia"   vol. VII [XXII], nr. 1


The Royal Cemetery at Ur and Early Wheels
ISSN 1857-0240
E-ISSN 2537-6330

The Royal Cemetery at Ur and Early Wheels

Tyragetia, serie nouă, vol. VII [XXII], nr. 1, Arheologie. Istorie Antică

 
Царский некрополь Ура и конструкция древних колес

На основе анализа данных о конструкции колес из Царского некрополя Ура - фрагменте каменной плитке, мозаичном «Штандарте» и колес повозок из погребений, а также привлечения находок, открытых на других памятниках, автор приходит к выводу, что на Древнем Востоке колеса трехчастной конструкции с серединой линзовидной формы вышли из употре��ления уже до рубежа IV-III тыс. до н.э. Когда у реальных повозок использовались уже трехчастные колеса, у которых средняя часть имела прямые параллельные стороны, колеса с линзовидной серединой продолжали изображать на печатях и посвятительных плитках, копируя их с более древних образцов.

Колеса реальных повозок рубежа IV-III тыс. до н.э., открытые в подкурганных погребениях Понто- Каспийской степи, имели среднюю часть с прямолинейными сторонами, т.е. конструкцию следующего этапа развития конструкции колеса. Поскольку, предположительно, первые колеса были сплошные одночастные и требовалось время на развитие трехчастной конструкции с серединой линзовидной, а затем и прямолинейной формы, появление колеса на Древнем Востоке должно датироваться значительно более ранним временем, чем это принято считать - не позднее начала IV тыс. до н.э.

Список иллюстраций:

Рис. 1. Фрагмент каменной плитки. Ур (по Woolley 1934, plate 181b).

Рис. 2. Панель «Война» мозаичного «Штандарта». Ур (по Woolley 1934, plate 92).

Рис. 3. Отпечатки колес повозок в погребениях PG 789 (a-b) и PG 1232 (c), Ур (по Woolley 1934, plate 33, 62а). Рис. 4. Изображение повозки в «Реконструкции погребальной сцены в PG 789» (по Woolley 1934, plate 30). Рис. 5. Изображение повозки в верхнем регистре «Штандарта».

Рис. 6. Изображения повозок в нижнем регистре «Штандарта» (первая и вторая слева) Рис. 7. Изображение повозки в нижнем регистре «Штандарта» (третья слева)

Рис. 8. Колесо, Сузы (по Littauer, Crouwel 1979, fig. 5).

Рис. 9. Колесо, Мари (по Butterlin, Margueron 2006, fig. 3).

Рис. 10. Изображения колес (фрагменты мозаики), Мари (а - по Parrot 1971, fig. 10), (b-f - по Parrot 1967, pl. LXV/2462-2464; fig. 262/2465, 2598; 2466).

Рис. 11. Фрагмент каменной плитки. Хафадже (по Boese 1971, Taf. VIII).

Рис. 12. Глиняные модели колес: a-b - Телль Брак (по Oates et al. 2001, fig. 488/36, 39), c - Чагар Базар (по Mallowan 1936, fig. 6/8); d - Телль Халава А (по Neufang, Pruβ 1994, Abb. 52/114). a - д=4 cm; b - д=7,1 cm; c - д=3,5 cm; d - д=10,5 cm

Рис. 13. Оттиск цилиндрической печати. Ур (по Amiet 1980, pl. 96/1260).

Рис. 14. Оттиск цилиндрической печати. Ур (по Amiet 1980, pl. 92/1216).

Рис. 15. Оттиск цилиндрической печати. Месопотамия (по Amiet 1980, pl. 92/1215).

Рис. 16. Оттиск цилиндрической печати (деталь). Месопотамия (по Littauer, Crouwel 1979, fig. 13).

Рис. 17. Чертеж отливки повозки из погребения новотитаровской культуры, Прикубанье (по Анфимов 1986).

Рис. 18. Остатки повозки в погребении новотитаровской культуры. Прикубанье (из архива И.И. Марченко и Н.Ю. Лимберис).

Елена Избицер
Once again on the images on the vessel from Bronocice
Tyragetia, serie nouă, vol. XVIII [XXXIII], nr. 1, Arheologie. Istorie Antică
Elena Izbitser
The Iron Curtain and Eurasian Archaeology
Tyragetia, serie nouă, vol. VI [XXI], nr. 1, Arheologie. Istorie Antică
Елена Избицер
Wagon burials in pits of the Middle Bronze Age in the Don River basin
Tyragetia, serie nouă, vol. XIII [XXVIII], nr. 1, Arheologie. Istorie Antică
Elena Izbitser
Novokorsunskaya 2/18, A Grave with a Wagon: work on mistakes
Tyragetia, serie nouă, vol. XI [XXVI], nr. 1, Arheologie. Istorie Antică
Elena Izbitser
Bulls and Wagons: an “innovative” approach to representing archaeological data
Tyragetia, serie nouă, vol. XII [XXVII], nr. 1, Arheologie. Istorie Antică



 

 

Independent Moldova
Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
Bessarabia and MASSR between the Two World Wars
Bessarabia and Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the Period between the Two World Wars
Revival of National Movement
Time of Reforms and their Consequences
Abolition of Autonomy. Bessarabia – a New Tsarist Colony
Period of Relative Autonomy of Bessarabia within the Russian Empire
Phanariot Regime
Golden Age of the Romanian Culture
Struggle for Maintaining of Independence of Moldova
Formation of Independent Medieval State of Moldova
Era of the
Great Nomad Migrations
Early Middle Ages
Iron Age and Antiquity
Bronze Age
Aeneolithic Age
Neolithic Age
Palaeolithic Age
  
  

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#Exhibit of the Month

Christmas bells entered the Romanian cultural space through a long process in which archaic traditions blended with Christian belief and European influences. Long before the holiday of Christmas developed as we know it, metallic sounds played an important ritual role in old communities: they were used to drive away evil spirits, to purify spaces, and to protect people during transitional moments at the turn of the year...

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The National Museum of History of Moldova takes place among the most significant museum institutions of the Republic of Moldova, in terms of both its collection and scientific reputation.
©2006-2026 National Museum of History of Moldova
Visit museum 31 August 1989 St., 121 A, MD 2012, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
Phones:
Secretariat: +373 (22) 24-43-25
Department of Public Relations and Museum Education: +373 (22) 24-04-26
Fax: +373 (22) 24-43-69
E-mail: office@nationalmuseum.md
Technical Support: info@nationalmuseum.md
Web site administration and maintenance: Andrei EMILCIUC

 



The National Museum of History of Moldova takes place among the most significant museum institutions of the Republic of Moldova, in terms of both its collection and scientific reputation.
©2006-2026 National Museum of History of Moldova
Visit museum 31 August 1989 St., 121 A, MD 2012, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
Phones:
Secretariat: +373 (22) 24-43-25
Department of Public Relations and Museum Education: +373 (22) 24-04-26
Fax: +373 (22) 24-43-69
E-mail: office@nationalmuseum.md
Technical Support: info@nationalmuseum.md
Web site administration and maintenance: Andrei EMILCIUC

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The National Museum of History of Moldova takes place among the most significant museum institutions of the Republic of Moldova, in terms of both its collection and scientific reputation.
©2006-2026 National Museum of History of Moldova
Visit museum 31 August 1989 St., 121 A, MD 2012, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
Phones:
Secretariat: +373 (22) 24-43-25
Department of Public Relations and Museum Education: +373 (22) 24-04-26
Fax: +373 (22) 24-43-69
E-mail: office@nationalmuseum.md
Technical Support: info@nationalmuseum.md
Web site administration and maintenance: Andrei EMILCIUC