#Exhibit of the Month

Manufactured in 1902 by AG vorm Siedel & Nauman in Dresden, Germany.

Dimensions: Length - 38 cm, Width - 35 cm, Height - 20 cm. Weight - 16 kg. It entered the museum collection in 1984, transferred from the National Museum of Ethnography and Natural History.

The typewriter features a standard carriage mounted on ball bearings and rollers, along with a keyboard equipped with 42 keys. These contain two complete sets of Latin and Cyrillic alphabets, punctuation marks, numbers, and mathematical symbols, enabling the typing of 126 characters. Beneath the metal casing, the type bars are arranged in a fan-like pattern, holding embossed characters and ink ribbon rollers. When the keys are pressed, the type bars strike the inked ribbon, imprinting characters onto the paper tensioned in the machine's roller system.

The side panels are elegantly decorated with refined cast-iron elements in the Art Nouveau style, displaying the brand name - "Ideal." The Polyglott model, featuring a bilingual keyboard patented in the United Kingdom by Max Klaczko from Riga, Latvia, was produced between 1902 and 1913, marking the first typewriter capable of writing in two languages. The "Ideal Polyglott" typewriter was actively sold in the Russian Empire and gained significant popularity in Poland, Bulgaria, and Serbia.
The typewriter - a mechanical device used for printing text directly onto paper - ranks among the most important inventions of the modern era, as it revolutionized communication. From the late 19th century to the early 21st century, it became an indispensable tool, widely used by writers, in offices, for business correspondence, and in private homes. The peak of typewriter sales occurred in the 1950s when the average annual sales in the United States reached 12 million units. In November 2012, the British Brother factory produced what it claimed to be the last typewriter, which was donated to the Science Museum in London.
The advent of computers, word processing software, printers, and the decreasing cost of these technologies led to the typewriter's disappearance from the mainstream market, turning it into a museum exhibit.
June 23 marks Typewriter Day, commemorating the date when American journalist and inventor Christopher Latham Sholes patented his typewriter. This day celebrates the simple yet revolutionary device that has become history, as well as the remarkable literary achievements it has enabled since 1868.

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Publications

Journal „Tyragetia"

vol. X [XXV], nr. 2

Korolevo Castle of Nyalab in possession of descendants of Moldavian Voivode Szasz

ISSN 1857-0240
E-ISSN 2537-6330

Игорь Прохненко, Мария Жиленко

Korolevo Castle of Nyalab in possession of descendants of Moldavian Voivode Szasz

Tyragetia, serie nouă, vol. X [XXV], nr. 2, Istorie. Muzeologie

Keywords: Korolevo, castle of Nyalab, 14th-15th centuries, Voivode Szasz, Balk, Drág, Janos Olah, Perényi Péter, ceramics

Abstract: The sons of Voivode Szasz moved to Hungary after Bohdan had possessed a position of Moldavian Voivode in 1359 and started an open conflict with Hungarian Crown. As a kind of reimbursement, they have possessed high positions here and became the owners of extensive property.

Within a short period of time they have taken possession of Kővár, Beltek, Erdőd domains as well as property in Máramaros. They became one of the most influential nobles of Hungary. They had received pro honore Nyalab domain with the center in the castle of Korolevo from the king Louis in 70s of the 14th century and governed it as the Counts of Ugocsa County. After Balk's death the castle had to be returned to the king. However, descendants of Moldavian nobles had refused to leave fortifications and started property disputes among themselves.

Perényi Péter, new Count of Ugocsa County, has started to govern the castle in 1402. He had taken advantage of the absence of ownership confirmation document and legally formalized his hereditary ownership in 1405. Dragﬀy family had continued a lawsuit for about hundred years, and even resorted to openly criminal activity in 70s of the 15th century when they forged the royal charter sealed by king.

A little bit more than 20 years long presence of the descendants of Moldavian Voivode Szasz at Korolevo castle of Nyalab is minimally displayed by archeological materials of the monument. As for today, given chronological range contains only one object at the castle - pit 1 horizon III excavation ІІ (room 1, study of 2013). Small ceramic fragments, remains of three vessels, and unfinished product made of bone have been found in it.

List of illustrations:
Fig. 1. Koroleve. Central part of Nyalab castle.
Fig. 2. Forged in 1470s Granting charter of 1378 of the king Louis to Drag and Janos Olah on Nyalab domain ownership (State Archive of Hungary / Magyar Országos Levéltár, Budapest, DL26566).
Fig. 3. Korolevo castle of Nyalab. Test pit 3 (view from west).
Fig. 4. The first page and a colophon of Korolevo Tetra-Gospel, 1401 (Zakarpattya Museum of Local History).
Fig. 5. Korolevo castle of Nyalab. Plan of excavation ІІ and section of test pit1.
Fig. 6. Korolevo castle of Nyalab. Pit 1, excavation ІІ (view from west).
Fig. 7. Korolevo castle of Nyalab. Pit 1, excavation ІІ (view from east).
Fig. 8. Korolevo castle of Nyalab. Pit 1, excavation ІІ. Jug.
Fig. 9. Korolevo castle of Nyalab. Pit 1, excavation ІІ. Ceramics (1-2) and bone-made product (3).
Fig. 10. Korolevo castle of Nyalab. Pit 1, excavation ІІ. Ceramics.