Abstract

The article analyzes the place of the lamps in the funeral practice of the Scythians of the Northern Black Sea littoral. Metal (bronze and iron), as well as wheel made and hand-made lamps are examined. It is indicated that the bronze and wheel made lamps are Greek imports; iron lamps are products of local blacksmiths; hand-made lamps are imitations of Greek wheel made models. A typology that takes into account the morphological features of all vessels is done for hand-made lamps. The wide spread of the lamps in Scythian burial complexes in the North Black Sea littoral in 3rd-2nd centuries BC in comparison with the previous time, testifies about transition to a sedentary way of life of Scythian population at this time and about Greek influence on its funeral practice and material culture.

List of illustrations: Fig. 1. Granite (1), iron (6) and bronze (2-5, 7-9) lamps from the monuments of North Black Sea littoral: 1 - burial 13/4 L’vovo (after Евдокимов 1992); 2 - barrow Baba (after Национальный музей 2013); 3 - Olănești hoard (after Сергеев 1966); 4 - barrow Chertomlyk (after Алексеев, Мурзин, Ролле 1991); 5 - barrow Oguz (after Спицын 1906); 6 - burial 4/2 of Strashnaya Mogila group (after Тереножкин и др. 1973); 7 - barrow 6 Bashmachka (after Спицын 1901); 8 - Central tomb of the Tolstaya Mogila (after Мозолевський 1979); 9 - household niche of the Lateral tomb of the Tolstaya Mogila (after Мозолевський 1979). Fig. 2. Wheel-made (1-13) and handmade (14-22) lamps from the Scythian burial monuments of the North Black Sea littoral: 1 - burial 16/1 of the Kugurluy cemetery (after Полин 2014); 2 - burial 18/2 of the Kugurluy cemetery (after Полин 2014); 3 - burial 24/1 of the Kugurluy cemetery (after Полин 2014); 4 - burial 67 of the soil cemetery Nikolaevka (after Мелюкова 1975); 5 - barrow 2J (33) of the Petukhovka cemetery (after Полин 1992); 6, 7 - barrow 3Q (53) of the Petukhovka cemetery (after Полин 1992); 8 - barrow 3S (56) of the Petukhovka cemetery (after Полин 1992); 9 - barrow 4B (59) of the Petukhovka cemetery (after Полин 1992); 10 - burial 1/1 Pervomaevka (after Евдокимов, Фридман 1987); 11 - East manhole of the Kara-Tiube barrow (after Болтрик 1993); 12 - burial 60/2 of the Aktash cemetery (after Бессонова, Бунятян, Гаврилюк 1988); 13 - burial 1/2 Lenino (after Яковенко 1970; Яковенко 1974); 14 - burial 49 of the soil cemetery Nikolaevka (after Мелюкова 1975); 15 - barrow 154 Parkany (after Мелюкова 1962); 16, 17 - barrow 159 Parkany (after Мелюкова 1962); 18 - barrow 173 Parkany (after Мелюкова 1962); 19 - barrow 402 Chobruchi (after Фабрициус 1951); 20 - barrow 405 Chobruchi (after Мелюкова 1962); 21 - barrow 9 Novovasil’evka (after Гребенников, Ребедайло 1991); 22 - burial on the earthwork of the Znamenskoe settlement (after Погребова 1958). Fig. 3. Bronze lamps (1-3) and bronze (5) and iron (4, 6-8) candelabras from the monuments of the North Black Sea littoral: 1, 4 - burial 31/1 of the Glinoe cemetery; 2 - Klimenkov hoard (after Яценко 1962); 3 - Artyuhovsky barrow (after Толстой, Кондаков 1889); 5 - barrow 24 (1876) on the Nymphaeum necropolis (after Силантьева 1959); 6 - burial 700 of the Ust’-Alma necropolis (after Пуздровский 2007); 7 - vault 620 of the Ust’-Alma necropolis (after Пуздровский 2007); 8 - burial 730 of the Ust’-Alma necropolis (after Пуздровский 2007). Fig. 4. Wheel made lamps from the Scythian cemetery of Glinoe on the left bank of the Lower Dniester: 1 - burial 2/2; 2 - burial 33/2; 3 - burial 37/1; 4 - burial 50/1; 5, 6 - burial 84/1; 7 - burial 88/1. Fig. 5. Typology of the hand-made lamps. Fig. 6. Hand-made lamps from the Scythian cemetery of Glinoe: 1 - burial l4/1; 2 - burial 7/1; 3 - burial 10/1; 4 - burial 11/1; 5 - burial 14/2; 6 - burial 17/1; 7 - burial 18/1; 8 - burial 18/2; 9 - burial 23/1; 10, 11 - burial 33/1; 12 - burial 38/1; 13 - burial 40/1; 14 - burial 49/1. Fig. 7. Hand-made lamps from the Scythian cemetery of Glinoe: 1 - burial 51/1; 2, 3 - burial 52/1; 4 - burial 54/2; 5 - burial 54/3; 6 - burial 55/1; 7 - burial 56/1; 8, 9 - burial 57/1; 10, 11 - burial 60/1. Fig. 8. Hand-made from the Scythian cemetery of Glinoe: 1 - burial 60/2; 2, 3 - burial 61/1; 4 - burial 63/1; 5 - burial 66/1; 6, 7 - burial 69/2; 8 - burial 74/1; 9 - burial 76/1; 10 - burial 78/3; 11 - burial 79/1; 12 - burial 86/1. Fig. 9. Hand-made lamps (1-5) as well as wheel made (6) and hand-made (7-12) vessels used as lamps, from the Scythian cemetery of Glinoe: 1 - burial 88/1; 2 - burial 91/2; 3 - burial 92/1; 4 - burial 96/1; 5 - burial 112/1; 6 - foot of the amphorae from the burial 41/2; 7 – foot-ring of the bowl from the burial 2/2; 8 - cup from burial 3/1; 9 - the bottom of the bowl from the burial 13/1; 10 - the lower part of the pot from the burial 17/1; 11 - cup from burial 76/1; 12 - the lower part of the jug (?) from the burial 80/1.