The main parts of the camera include the body, bellows, lens, and viewfinder system. The body consists of two lacquered walnut wood frames, joined by a folding black textile bellows that allows the necessary extension for focusing. On the front panel is the Agfa anastigmat lens, mounted in a Compur-type shutter produced by F. Deckel in Munich. It features a foldable "brilliant" viewfinder for both portrait and landscape orientation. It uses glass photographic plates coated with a photographic emulsion, mounted in walnut wood holders, with a frame size of 9x12 cm. The walnut wood model, considered the flagship "Agfa Isolar Luxus," was designed by the A.H. Rietzschel factory in Munich, acquired by AGFA in 1925, which continued producing this type of camera under its own name until the late 1920s. The piece was restored by Mihail Culașco, Restoration Department of NMHM. Brief History of the Camera The history of the camera spans 200 years, evolving from the camera obscura to today's digital devices. Key milestones include: the first permanent photograph in 1826 by French physicist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, using a wooden box and a plate coated with bitumen of Judea; the invention of the first photographic process - daguerreotype - in 1839 by Frenchman Louis Daguerre, marking the official birth of photography; the invention of calotype, based on the negative/positive principle, by British physicist and chemist Fox Talbot; the invention of wet collodion plates by Englishman Frederick Scott Archer and dry glass plates by Richard Leach Maddox and John Huds Bennet; the introduction of flexible roll film and the launch of the first Kodak camera by American inventor George Eastman; the release of the first 35 mm film camera by German company "Leica"; the launch of the first instant camera "Polaroid," invented by American Edwin Land. Finally, starting in 1975, this path led to the digital photography revolution. Each successive step made cameras smaller and faster, significantly improving image quality. The first photographic studio in Chișinău was opened in 1854 by Eduard Glewski, and before World War I, there were already about 100 photography studios in Bessarabia. The collection of the National Museum of History of Moldova includes over 30 cameras, made in Austria, Germany, France, USSR, Japan, and China, dating from the late 19th century to the 2000s. Among them are folding bellows cameras, BOX-type cameras, single-lens reflex (SLR) and twin-lens reflex (TLR) cameras, as well as digital (DSLR) cameras.
The early medieval spirituality in the Prut-Nistru space
Tyragetia, serie nouă, vol. II [XVII], nr. 1, Arheologie. Istorie Antică
In the early medieval period in the Prut- Nistru space existed a multicolored spirituality based on Christian and Pagan values. These phenomena are attested in this region at all the development stages of the early medieval period, beginning with the 5th-7th centuries until the 12th-13th centuries.
The Christian values were characteristic first of all to the sedentary people of Romanic origin which practiced this cult starting from the late antiquity. At certain stages of the early medieval period, especially after the years 865 and 988 when the Christian religion become official in the Slavic world, these Christian values were embraced by Slavs groups established in this space as well. Therefore after the 10th century the sedentary people from the Prut-Nistru region can be characterized as exclusively Christian. The Christian religion in the 10th-13th centuries was practiced probably by a part of the nomads turned sedentary in the autochthons settlements.
From canonical standpoint, the Christians from the Prut-Nistru space in the early medieval period were subordinated to the Constantinople Patriarchy. Still the Christianity from this region and other North-Pontic regions is remarked as a popular one, situation caused by the by the isolation of this territory from the Byzantine world and its inclusion within a political space dominated by different pagan migratory peoples. A living expression of the popular Christianity from this space for the period of the 5th-9th centuries can be considered the funerary rite of the sedentary people who during a relatively long period preserved along the practice of inhumation the cult of incineration of the dead. In the 10th-11th centuries the Christian cult in the Prut-Nistru space crystallizes in forms close to the contemporary one.
The pagan values as religious systems in the early medieval period were characteristic for the migratory peoples. The bearers of pagan beliefs in the Prut-Nistru were the old Slavs, the Alans, the Bulgarians, the Hungarians, the Pechinegs, the Oguzs, the Cumans and the Mongols. Some pagan rituals were practiced as remains within the Christian religious system by the sedentary people.
Regarded from the standpoint of the spirituality the early medieval civilization of the Prut-Nistru space was made of two distinct worlds: Christian – represented by the sedentary local people and the pagan – represented by the migratory tribes of the steppe nomads, while at certain stages by groups of sedentary.
Gheorghe Postică
Die Perlenmosaik mit Miniaturporträts des römischen Kaisers Konstantin der Große, Constantinus II und Constantius II aus Bursuceni, Republik Moldau
Tyragetia, serie nouă, vol. VIII [XXIII], nr. 1, Arheologie. Istorie Antică
Gheorghe Postică, Ion Tentiuc
Early medieval bronze amulets representing horsemen from the Carpathian-Dniester region
Tyragetia, serie nouă, vol. VIII [XXIII], nr. 1, Arheologie. Istorie Antică
The main parts of the camera include the body, bellows, lens, and viewfinder system. The body consists of two lacquered walnut wood frames, joined by a folding black textile bellows that allows the necessary extension for focusing...
The National Museum of History of Moldova takes place among the most significant museum institutions of the Republic of Moldova, in terms of both its collection and scientific reputation.
The National Museum of History of Moldova takes place among the most significant museum institutions of the Republic of Moldova, in terms of both its collection and scientific reputation.
The National Museum of History of Moldova takes place among the most significant museum institutions of the Republic of Moldova, in terms of both its collection and scientific reputation.
31 August 1989 St., 121 A, MD 2012, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
